SAGE

The intention of this article is to assist our readers with selecting a cognitive test for dementia.

Alzheimer’s Disease and dementia is a complex illness that can have many different symptoms and causes. As a preliminary test of a person’s cognitive abilities a cognitive test can be used. There are various cognitive tests that practitioners use.

The common tests include:

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Assesses cognitive function in areas such as memory, attention, and language.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Designed to identify mild cognitive impairment and early-onset dementia.
Clock Drawing Test (CDT). Assesses a person’s ability to recognize and replicate a visual stimulus. The simple test gives insight into cognitive abilities such as spatial awareness and executive function.
Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE). Detects early signs of cognitive, memory, and thinking impairments.

We discuss each of these tests in greater depth further into this article.

Note: the tests we have listed are preliminary tests. No single cognitive test for dementia can conclusively diagnose dementia. To have a correct diagnosis and develop a treatment plan, a thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary.

The Importance of Early Diagnosis Using a Cognitive Test For Dementia

Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease are progressive brain disorders affecting memory, concentration, behavior, and emotion. Dementia is the main cause of disability and dependency amongst the elderly.

Early detection of dementia is necessary for the following reasons:

Accurate diagnosis

For the best and most suitable treatment and care it is important to have an early diagnosis.

Access to treatment

There are treatments, therapies and medications that help with managing and treating some forms of dementia. With early detection, treatments can be accessed quickly. By doing so, quality of life can be improved, and the progression of the disease may be reduced.

Better planning

When dementia is diagnosed early, plans can be made ahead. Affected people are able to make necessary lifestyle changes, and put legal and financial affairs in order while the person with early dementia is still able to participate in decision-making.

Improved support

Early diagnosis allows for early support services for the person with dementia and their family. Appropriate support services would include counseling, education, and caregiver training.

Research

To help with efforts to better understand dementia, develop new treatments, and improve care for people with Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia, it is beneficial when the disease is detected early with individuals.

Overall, early detection of dementia is important for improving outcomes for people with this illness. It benefits loved ones caring for a dementia patient, as well as for advancing understanding of this complex condition and how to better approach it with treatment.

4 Common Cognitive Tests for Dementia

1. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

The Mini-Mental State Examination is a cognitive test for dementia designed to assess cognitive function in adults. A series of questions are asked and participants complete tasks that evaluate various cognitive domains (orientation, attention, memory, language, and visuospatial skills).

The test takes 10-15 minutes and is scored out of 30. Higher scores indicate better cognitive function.

The test has been used widely. It is considered to be a reliable and valid measure of cognitive function.

It is not a complete diagnostic tool for dementia and therefore should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic measures conducted by a medical professional.

A limitation of the MMSE is the potential cultural and educational biases. This may affect the accuracy of the test for people who speak a foreign language or have a different cultural background.

Link to the MMSE Test.

2. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was developed as an alternative screening tool to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).

It tests the following cognitive domains: attention, memory, language, visuospatial skills, and executive function.

This cognitive test for dementia consists of 30 items. A score of 26 or higher out of 30 is considered normal. Allow 10-15 minutes to give the test.

The MoCA is more sensitive than the MMSE in detecting mild cognitive impairment and early-stage dementia. It is becoming increasingly popular as a preliminary test.

This test has been translated into multiple languages and has been proven in a variety of populations. Therefore, it a useful test for assessing dementia in varied populations.

Once again, the MoCA should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic measures and not be used on its own to diagnose dementia.

Download MoCA PDF.

3. Clock Drawing Test (CDT)

The Clock Drawing Test is a very popular, simple cognitive test for dementia. It is designed to detect early signs of dementia.

It tests visuospatial and executive function by requiring the person to draw a clock face from memory and set the time to a specific hour.

The clock test evaluates different aspects of the drawing. These include; the placement and size of the numbers, hands, and clock face.

Scoring the test is based on factors such as placement, size, and symmetry. The CDT can be a stand-alone test or used in combination with other cognitive tests. It is a sensitive and specific measure of cognitive impairment.

There are some limitations, such as the possibility of cultural and educational biases. Although it can be used as a stand-alone test, it is best used in conjunction with other tests.

Clock drawing Cognitive Test PDF.

4. Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE)

The Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam is a quick to administer screening tool. The test assesses various cognitive domains that include orientation, language, memory, visuospatial abilities, executive function, and social cognition.

The SAGE takes 15-20 minutes to complete and consists of 12 questions.

This cognitive test for dementia is designed to be easily administered and scored by people with no formal training in cognitive testing.

It has proven to be a reliable and valid measure of cognitive function.

The SAGE can be self-administered. This allows people to conduct the test in the comfort of their own home.

Individuals can download and print a PDF of the test for administering.

The test should not be used as a sole basis for a dementia diagnosis.

Download the SAGE test.

Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE)		Clock Drawing Test (CDT)	Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE)
Cognitive screening tool	Cognitive screening tool	Cognitive screening tool	Brief, self-administered cognitive screening tool
Used to assess cognitive function in adults	Developed as an alternative to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)	Assesses visuospatial and executive function	Assesses various cognitive domains: orientation, language, memory, visuospatial abilities, executive function, and social cognition
Consists of a series of questions and tasks	Assesses various cognitive domains: attention, memory, language, visuospatial skills, and executive function	Requires the individual to draw a clock face from memory and set the time to a specific hour	Consists of 12 questions
Evaluates various cognitive domains: orientation, attention, memory, language, and visuospatial skills	Consists of 30 items	Used to detect early signs of cognitive impairment and dementia	Takes approximately 15-20 minutes to complete
Takes approximately 10-15 minutes to administer	Takes approximately 10-15 minutes to administer	Evaluates various aspects of clock drawing, including placement and size of numbers, hands, and clock face	Designed to be easily administered and scored by individuals with no formal training in cognitive testing
Scored out of 30 points	A score of 26 or higher out of 30 is considered normal	Scores are based on a variety of factors, including placement, size, and symmetry	Reliable and valid measure of cognitive function in older adults
Higher scores indicate better cognitive function	More sensitive than the MMSE in detecting mild cognitive impairment and early-stage dementia	Can be used alone or in combination with other cognitive tests	Useful tool for identifying early signs of cognitive impairment and dementia
Reliable and valid measure of cognitive function	Validated in a variety of populations	Has been shown to be a sensitive and specific measure of cognitive impairment in dementia	Self-administered, allowing individuals to assess their own cognitive function in the comfort of their own home
Used extensively in clinical and research settings	Translated into multiple languages	Has some limitations, such as the possibility of cultural and educational biases	To be used in conjunction with other diagnostic measures
To be used in conjunction with other diagnostic measures	Useful for assessing cognitive function in diverse populations	To be used in conjunction with other diagnostic measures	Not to be used as a sole basis for a dementia diagnosis
Not a definitive diagnostic tool for dementia	To be used in conjunction with other diagnostic measures
Potential cultural and educational biases should be considered	Not to be used as a sole basis for a dementia diagnosis

How a Cognitive Test for Dementia Works

A person’s cognitive function are assessed using these screening tools. The tests identify mental processes such as attention, memory, language, and visual-spatial ability.

Cognitive strengths and weaknesses are identified as well as impairment or decline. The results help in the diagnosis of dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease.

5 Cognitive Domains Assessed by These Tests:

5 Cognitive Domains Assessed by These Tests:

Orientation: Assesses a person’s awareness of time, place, and the ability to recognize and recall details about their surroundings.
Attention: Tests focus and the ability to maintain attention on certain tasks, and the ability to switch attention between different tasks.
Memory: Tests short-term and long-term memory. Assessing the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.
Language: Can the patient communicate effectively? This test assesses the ability to understand and use language, both verbally and in writing, to express themselves, and comprehending spoken and written language.
Visual-spatial ability: Can the patient perceive and manipulate visual information? The test assesses the ability to recognize and interpret shapes, sizes, and spatial relationships.

Cognitive tests evaluate the domains through a range of tasks. Examples include: recalling a list of words, naming objects or pictures, drawing a clock face, or following complex instructions.

The person’s performance on these tasks, provides insights into their cognitive abilities and identify areas of impairment or decline.

Interpreting Cognitive Test For Dementia Results

To interpret results the practitioner requires a good understanding of the type of test being used. Also, the patient’s medical history, current symptoms, and other diagnostic information would be required.

Health professionals, such as psychiatrists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists, are usually responsible for interpreting cognitive test results.

When interpreting results, doctors consider a range of factors. These include:

Test scores

The raw score on each test provide important information about a person’s cognitive abilities. This helps identify areas of strength and weakness.

Age and education level

It is important to take into consideration age and education level. This can have a large sway on cognitive function.

Medical history

Knowing an individual’s medical history provide important context for interpreting test results. Any previous diagnoses or treatment for cognitive impairment or dementia should be noted.

Symptoms

Current symptoms and level of functioning may also provide important understandings into the severity and nature of their cognitive impairment.

Other diagnostic information

Medical practitioners will interpret test results in conjunction with other diagnostic information. This information may include imaging studies or laboratory tests. By doing so a more thorough understanding of the person’s cognitive function is established.

Scoring Systems for Various Cognitive Tests

Each test has a different method of scoring.

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

The test assesses orientation, attention, memory, language, and visual-spatial ability.

The test presents a series of questions. Each question is given a score based on the individual’s response.

The maximum possible score on the MMSE is 30. A score of 24 or lower indicating possible cognitive impairment.

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

This test assesses similar cognitive domains to the MMSE, but includes more complex tasks and measures.

The test gives a series of questions. Each is assigned a score based on the individual’s response.

The maximum possible score on the MoCA is 30. A score of 26 or lower indicates that there is possible cognitive impairment.

Clock Drawing Test (CDT)

This cognitive test for dementia assesses visual-spatial ability and executive function. The person being tested is given specific instructions requiring him/her to draw a clock face. The drawing is given a score based on accuracy and completeness.

The test is scored on a 6-point scale, with lower scores showing greater impairment.

Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE)

The SAGE assesses orientation, language, memory, visuospatial abilities, executive function, and social cognition.

The test gives a series of questions. Each question is given a score based on responses.

The maximum possible score on the SAGE is 22. A score of 14 or lower indicates that there is possible cognitive impairment.

Cognitive tests are scored based on the person’s performance on specific tasks or questions. Lower scores indicate greater impairment.

To provide a full understanding of a person’s cognitive function. Cognitive test for dementia scores should be taken in the context of the individual’s age, education level, medical history, and other diagnostic information.

Diagnoses and Treatment Plans

Cognitive test results are used to help diagnose and develop treatment plans for early dementia. Here are some ways that test results are used:

Diagnosis

A Dementia Neurologist will diagnose early dementia by looking at the results of a cognitive test for dementia.

Tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE) are all used to assess cognitive function and identify potential areas of impairment.

Severity Assessment

Results of these tests can help Doctors assess the severity of early dementia.

Scores on tests such as the MMSE, MoCA, and SAGE can be used to measure the degree of cognitive impairment and by repeating the test, track changes in cognitive function over time.

From this information, the development of treatment plans that are suited to specific needs of the person can be developed.

Treatment planning

Individualized treatment plans for people with early dementia can be developed using results from tests.

Such plans may include medication to manage symptoms, cognitive rehabilitation therapy to improve cognitive function, and lifestyle modifications to promote overall health and well-being.

The specifics of the treatment plan will depend on the collation of information from test results, medical history, and other diagnostic information.

Monitoring

Healthcare professionals can monitor the progression of early dementia over time by analysing test results.

By regularly testing, Doctors can track changes in cognitive function and, if required, adjust treatment plans.

A comprehensive assessment of cognitive function assist Doctors develop individualized treatment plans that address the unique needs of each person with early dementia.

Limitations of a Cognitive Test for Dementia

A cognitive test for dementia can be useful in assessing cognitive function and identifying potential areas of impairment, however, there are limitations to their use in diagnosing dementia. Here are some to consider:

Cultural and linguistic biases

Cultural and linguistic biases with some of the tests can impact test performance. For example, tests that rely heavily on language may be more difficult for individuals who speak a different language or who come from a different cultural background.

Education Level

People with low education levels may present less accurate test results. Some questions may be more difficult for those with less formal education.

Learning Effect

With repeated testing, individuals may improve their performance on cognitive tests. This can make it difficult to accurately assess changes in cognitive function over time.

Comorbid Conditions

Some medical conditions, such as depression or anxiety, can impact test performance. Such conditions may need to be considered in the diagnostic process.

Lack of Sensitivity

Some tests may not be sensitive enough to detect early stages of dementia or subtle changes in cognitive function.

Cognitive Test for Dementia – Final Thoughts

Cognitive tests play a vital role in detecting early signs of dementia. Detecting dementia early is important for effective management and treatment of the condition.

People who feel they, or someone they know, may be experiencing cognitive decline should seek professional medical advice as soon as possible. Start by talking to a primary care physician or a specialist in dementia.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of dementia and improve quality of life for both the individual and their caregivers.

Lifestyle considerations such as regular physical exercise, a balanced diet, and mental stimulation will contribute to promote better brain health and potentially reduce the risk of dementia.

The SAGE dementia test, also known as the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam, is a short cognitive assessment tool designed to help detect early signs of cognitive impairment and dementia.

The SAGE test includes several features that make useful as a screening tool:

Features of the SAGE Dementia Test

Self-administered: The cognitive test can be taken by the person being screened, without the need for a healthcare professional to administer it.
Brief: Only 15 minutes to needed to complete the test.
Simple language: It uses easy-to-understand language minimizing confusion and helping ensure responses are accurate.
Four cognitive domains: Cognitive function are assessed in four key domains. These are orientation, language, memory, and visuospatial ability.
Cultural neutrality: It is designed to be culturally neutral, meaning it can be utilized by people from diverse backgrounds and languages.
Scoring system: The test has a scoring system that helps to interpret results and identify dementia.
Note that the SAGE dementia test is not a diagnostic tool on its own. A thorough assessment by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine a diagnosis of dementia or cognitive impairment.

Administering the SAGE Dementia Test

The test has four parts, each of which including questions/tasks that patients must complete. Here’s a sample of questions/tasks that patients may be asked to do during the SAGE test:

Orientation: Questions to gauge the orientation to time and place. For example: “What is today’s date?” or “Where are we right now?”
Language: Recall the names of animals, name common items and describe similarities between objects.
Reasoning: Solve simple mathematical problems, identify the next number in a sequence, and follow a set of instructions.
Visuospatial skills: Draw a clock face and set the time to a specific hour, and to identify the missing parts in a picture.

Also, the SAGE dementia test includes questions that assess executive function. Examples include: identifying the appropriate word to complete a sentence and recalling details from a short story.

Scoring and Interpreting the SAGE Cognitive Assessment

Scoring and interpreting the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam involves the following steps:

SAGE Test Scoring

Each question is scored separately. The total number of correct responses provide a raw score. A higher score indicates better cognitive function.

SAGE Test Interpretation

Taking into consideration of age and education level, this raw score is then converted to a standardized score. By doing so, it identifies and accounts for potential biases and differences in cognitive function that are based on factors to do with demographic.

Cut-off scores

The standardized score can then be compared to cut-off scores to identify the likelihood of dementia. For example, a score below a certain level may indicate a need for further evaluation or referral to a specialist.

Clinical judgment

The SAGE test does provide valuable information about cognitive function, however, it should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tools and clinical judgment to establish an accurate diagnosis of dementia.

Overall, scoring and interpreting the SAGE dementia test requires careful attention to the specific questions and response options. It also requires consideration of demographics and other diagnostic information. Healthcare professionals who are trained in the use and interpretation of cognitive tests should be sort to make certain a diagnosis is accurate.

Health Professionals Planning

Healthcare professionals will assess the SAGE exam. If the test indicates cognitive impairment they may take steps to create a plan for further evaluation and treatment. These steps include:

Referral for additional testing

If the test shows a likelihood of cognitive impairment, the patient will likely be referred for additional testing to help identify the cause and severity of the dementia. Additional testing may be a more comprehensive cognitive test, blood tests or brain imaging.

Referral to a specialist

Subject to the suspected cause of the cognitive impairment, the patient may be referred to a neurologist, neuropsychologist, or geriatrician. The specialist will conduct further assessment.

Treatment planning

From the results of the test, professionals will work with the patient and their caregivers to set-up a treatment plan. The plan may include medications to manage underlying conditions or symptoms, cognitive training and rehabilitation, and lifestyle modifications.

Monitoring and follow-up

Dementia is a progressive condition. To monitor cognitive function and modify treatment plans as required, healthcare professionals may schedule regular follow-up appointments.

Limitations of the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam

The test is not a diagnostic tool on its own. Rather it is used as a screening tool that can assist with identifying people who may gain from further evaluation. The SAGE test is only the beginning of the process. Before a treatment plan can be put into place, further assessment will be required.

Download the SAGE Dementia Test

Download the SAGE dementia test HERE.

The SAGE test is difficult to administer online. It is better to download a test in your language and print it out to administer. If you are specifically looking for an online test, then you consider the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). The MMSE test is a similar test that can be administered by a person who is not trained. It also takes only 15 minutes. Here is a link to the online MMSE test.

Sage Test Final Thoughts

The Self-Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE) is a simple, convenient, and effective tool for testing for dementia across several domains. It can help individuals and healthcare professionals identify possible cognitive impairment and take appropriate actions to address it.

The SAGE test is not a diagnostic tool on its own and should be used in combination with other assessment tools and clinical evaluation.

If you, or someone you know, is experiencing cognitive decline or has concerns about cognitive function, it’s necessary to seek professional medical advice.

Acting early to identifying dementia can make a significant difference in managing cognitive impairment and improving quality of life.

There are a variety of tests for assessing cognitive decline. This article explains and compares 5 different dementia tests.

Cognitive Test for Dementia: Detect Early