15 Signs of Memory Loss (Dementia) 2023

signs of memory loss

Stop wondering; here are the most common signs of memory loss which everyone should be familiar with. These can be the beginning signs of dementia, which is why you should definitely mark them down.

Memory loss, which is at times called amnesia can be described as an anomalous degree of forgetfulness or the inability to remember past events.

Depending on the cause, poor memory can happen gradually or all over a sudden. It can also be temporary or permanent.

Lack of memory can either be the inability to recall recent events or those from long ago. Some people experience a combination of the above.

Normal aging typically does not cause significant memory loss. It only happens when there is an accompanying illness responsible for the loss of memory.

One of the biggest concerns for medical practitioners and relatives is whether poor memory is associated with a type of dementia.

This is because the loss of memory can be one of the symptoms of brain malfunctioning.

Dementia, on the other hand, describes cognitive decline symptoms of multiple brain disorders and underlying diseases. It is usually not easy to tell that a person’s memory is declining.

Most of the symptoms will show up in a subtle manner and progress over time.

Have a look at some of the signs of memory loss to be on the lookout for if you suspect that a person is experiencing poor memory.

Common Signs of Memory Loss

1. Confusion

signs of memory loss
You can tell a person is having challenges with their memory when they cannot think with their usual degree of clarity. Time and again, confusion leads to the failure to recognize familiar places and people.

A majority of people will also have a hard time telling the date or time. Confusion can also bring about feelings of disorientation and it can also impair the ability of a person to make good decisions.

2. Loss of Language Subtleties

loss of language subtleties
Communication problems also count as part of memory loss signs.

Changes in memory can cause a person to struggle when they are talking.

Most of the time, you will discover that they get lost in conversations even when the topic is on a subject they are familiar with. Often individuals with memory loss issues will also struggle to pick on the right words to use when they are discussing an idea.

3. Lack of Concentration

signs of memory loss - lack of concentration
Difficulty concentrating is characteristic for people who have memory loss. This is because poor memory affects how a person thinks and their level of concentration.

Lack of memory affects a persons’ attention span as their concentration decreases. This usually results in difficulties focusing and one being distracted easily.

A high percentage of individuals with memory loss issues will start doing one task and leave it before it is complete. For instance, a loud noise may dismantle the completion of tasks like making a bed or reading the newspaper.

This can cause problems especially if a person is working because they have to be reminded to complete their job at all times.

4. Inability To Control Emotions

inability to control emotions
People regulate or control their emotions daily. A person not being able to control emotions is considered to be one of the signs of memory loss.

This simply means that responses are inappropriate or disruptive, given a particular setting.

Some of the emotions that an individual may have include fear, anger, anxiety, and sadness to mention a few.

Individuals with memory loss issues usually feel out of control and they can be overwhelmed by their feelings. This is where you can also observe a person with impaired memory happy for a few moments before they become angry or start crying.

5. Completing Daily Tasks Becomes A Struggle

completing daily tasks becomes a struggle
Many people think that going about their daily tasks is a simple thing that comes automatically. Getting out of bed, taking a shower, brushing teeth, or walking to the mailbox are some of the activities that people take for granted.

Loss of memory can make these easy daily tasks become an uphill struggle. One might even forget how to hold a toothbrush to do the necessary.

Walking to the mailbox may take longer than usual. An individual may find themselves neglecting personal hygiene because things, like taking a bath and dressing up, became a problem.

6. Changes in Movement

changes in movement
A person experiencing loss of memory can also change their movements. It is possible that an individual just wants to move from one room to another without any purpose.

Things become dangerous when they extend their movement outdoors and want to walk on busy streets with cars without a care in the world.

Most people end up getting lost, tasking their loved ones or caregivers to start looking for them to make sure they are safe.

7. Accumulating Unnecessary Items

accumulating unnecessary items
Many people who have impaired memory will start to hoard at some point. This is where a person wants to pile up things that they do not need.

It can be things like clothes, utensils, art pieces, house keys, and toys, etc.

In most cases, someone usually forgets that they have something; thus, go out and buy the same thing.

In other cases, one will misplace something in the house or office; therefore, think that they lost it thus they need a new item.

8. Self-care Is no Longer a Priority

self care is no longer a priority
Among the signs of memory loss include when a person no longer takes care of themselves the way they used to. Some people will forget to take up activities like bathing, combing hair, or flossing.

Others might not be in a physical position to change clothes, clean their rooms or homes or take a shower.

Another section of individuals with poor memory will think that neglecting personal grooming is not an issue. It normally happens when the affected individual lives alone or blatantly refuse help from those around him or her.

9. Failure to Spot a Liar or Pick Up On Sarcasm

failure to spot a liar or pick up on sarcasm
Whether a person appreciates it or not, sarcasm is a huge part of today’s culture. It is a fun way to be critical.

People who experience loss of memory usually have a hard time picking up sarcasm. They can take this as a personal attack and things may end up badly.

Some individuals even have trouble deciphering when a person is lying to them.

This makes them fall easily for unscrupulous individuals who are only out to take advantage of them.

10. Disregarding Social Laws And The Law

disregarding social laws and the law
It is common for people who have issues with memory to lose their sense of social norms.

Studies show that such individuals will not have a problem engaging in criminal activities like breaking into a person’s home or shoplifting.

Others will also exhibit unsuitable interpersonal behaviors, such as making rude sexual comments or actions.

This is something that does not only make people around them uncomfortable, but it can also lead to trouble with the law.

11. Having Trouble Managing Money

having trouble managing money
Individuals with impaired memory will often have a hard time managing resources. It may start with simple issues like keeping up with bills or expenses or balancing checkbooks.

As time passes, one might start to make poor financial decisions that affect their lives negatively.

Many people dismiss this symptom as a part of normal aging but in an actual sense, it is not. The majority tend to think that aging is synonymous with losing a person’s mind, which is a wrong notion.

It is; therefore, necessary for the person with poor memory to receive genuine assistance with money management.

12. Reduced Gaze

reduced gaze
This is one of the signs of memory loss that many people do not take seriously. Reduced gaze is when memory impairment alters an individual’s ability to move their eyes normally.

While people with “good” memory will tack and move their eyes frequently, lack of memory can make one appear that they are always staring a lot. This can also cause difficulties when a person is reading.

It is where an individual may find themselves skipping some words or full lines when reading a text.

In the first days, the person whose memory is affected not be aware of this new development in their life but people around them may pick it out easily.

13. Not Knowing what Familiar Objects are Used for

not knowing what familiar objects are used for
Loss of memory can put one in a dilemma where they cannot easily recognize what objects they are familiar with are used for.

This is where they try to rack their brain, trying to figure out the name of something they use daily. It can be an item such as a hairdryer or shaving kit.

Despite using the items well before, individuals with memory issues may be clueless when it comes to the use of objects they need to use every day.

14. Consuming Rancid Foods and Non-food Objects

consuming rancid foods and non food objects
Among the surprising signs of memory loss is where a person can be comfortable eating spoilt or rancid foods. It is primarily because the individual forgets what to do with the things that are in front of them.

This means that they may not be able to tell the expiry dates of the foods in their refrigerator or pantry.

A person may also find themselves wanting to eat the flowers in a restaurant setting. They may be aware that they are in a restaurant to eat but not necessarily know why the flowers are on the table.

15. Mixing words

mixing words
It becomes pretty apparent that an older adult has a problem with memory when they start to mix words. Meaning, instead of saying “tea,” they go for “coffee.” Or even words that have little to no correlation, like mixing the word “dog” for a “table.”

Needless to say, something similar happened to all of us already and, very likely, not once. However, if this becomes a repeated practice, even in a row, the chances are that memory is troubling them.

When this occurs, it would be ideal if you could take the person who is showing signs of memory loss to see the doctor as quickly as possible.

Memory Loss Causes: 12 Common Reasons for Forgetfulness

Brain model illustrating common memory loss causes

Memory loss causes can range from everyday problems such as stress and poor sleep to medication side effects, nutritional deficiencies and medical conditions.

Forgetting something occasionally does not necessarily mean that a person has dementia. Mild forgetfulness can be a normal part of aging, while more significant or worsening memory problems deserve medical attention.

According to the National Institute on Aging (NIA), memory problems may be associated with medical conditions, medications, mental health, sleep problems, nutritional deficiencies, alcohol or drug misuse and other factors.

Some of these causes may be treatable or reversible. For this reason, persistent or unexplained memory loss should be assessed rather than automatically assumed to be dementia.

Common Memory Loss Causes: 12 Reasons You May Be Forgetful

1. Stress

stress as one of the common memory loss causes

Periods of significant or ongoing stress can make it harder to concentrate, process information and remember things.

When your attention is divided by worry or emotional pressure, information may not be encoded into memory as effectively in the first place. This can make everyday forgetfulness more noticeable.

The NIA includes stressful life events and negative emotions among factors that may cause temporary memory problems. Stress-related forgetfulness may improve as the stressful situation and associated emotions ease.

Long-term stress may also affect sleep, mood and general health, which can further influence memory and concentration.

If memory problems continue after a stressful period has passed, it is worth discussing them with a healthcare professional.

2. Medications

medications that may contribute to forgetfulness and memory problems

Medication side effects are another possible cause of memory problems, particularly in older adults who take several medicines.

Some medications can contribute to confusion, drowsiness, reduced concentration or forgetfulness. The effect may also result from an interaction between different medicines rather than one drug alone.

The Mayo Clinic lists certain medicines and combinations of medicines among potentially reversible causes of memory loss.

If memory problems begin after starting or changing medication, speak with a doctor or pharmacist. Do not stop prescription medicines without medical advice.

It is also useful to keep an up-to-date list of all prescription medicines, over-the-counter products and supplements and share it with each healthcare professional you see.

3. Alcohol and Drug Misuse

alcohol and drug misuse as possible causes of memory loss

Heavy alcohol use can interfere with the brain’s ability to form and retrieve memories.

Alcohol can produce short-term memory gaps or blackouts after heavy drinking. Prolonged excessive alcohol use can also contribute to nutritional deficiencies and alcohol-related brain damage.

In particular, severe thiamine, or vitamin B1, deficiency associated with chronic alcohol misuse can lead to serious neurological conditions such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Alcohol and drug misuse are included by the NIA among factors that can contribute to memory problems.

Our article on alcohol and dementia looks more closely at how long-term alcohol consumption can affect the brain.

4. Vitamin B12 and Other Nutritional Deficiencies

vitamin B12 and nutritional deficiency linked with memory problems

The brain and nervous system depend on an adequate supply of nutrients to function normally.

Low vitamin B12 is particularly important because deficiency can cause neurological and cognitive symptoms, including confusion and memory problems.

The NIA identifies low levels of important nutrients such as vitamin B12 as one of the possible memory loss causes that should be considered.

Vitamin B12 occurs naturally in foods such as:

  • Fish and seafood
  • Meat
  • Eggs
  • Milk and other dairy products
  • Foods fortified with vitamin B12

However, a person can develop B12 deficiency even when their diet appears adequate because some medical conditions and medications affect absorption.

A doctor can investigate possible deficiency with appropriate tests. Read more in our guide to vitamin B12 and dementia.

5. Traumatic Brain Injury

traumatic brain injury as a possible memory loss cause

A concussion or more serious traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect memory, attention and the ability to learn new information.

Memory loss around the time of an injury is common. Some people have difficulty remembering events immediately before or after the injury, while others experience longer-lasting cognitive problems.

The severity and duration of memory symptoms vary considerably depending on the location and extent of the injury.

Even a relatively minor head injury can sometimes cause memory problems, which is why a noticeable change following a fall or accident should be medically assessed.

See our detailed article on dementia and traumatic brain injury for more information.

6. Depression, Anxiety and Grief

grief depression and anxiety can affect concentration and memory

Memory is closely connected with attention and concentration. Depression, anxiety, grief and major emotional events can therefore make a person feel unusually forgetful.

Someone coping with bereavement, for example, may have difficulty concentrating on conversations or remembering everyday information because so much mental and emotional energy is directed toward the loss.

Depression and anxiety can also interfere with sleep and motivation, further affecting cognitive performance.

The NIA identifies depression and anxiety, along with major stressful or traumatic life events, among factors that may contribute to memory problems.

Memory symptoms associated with emotional distress can sometimes improve as the underlying condition improves. Persistent symptoms should still be discussed with a healthcare professional.

People coping with bereavement may also find our information on coping after the death of someone with dementia helpful.

7. Smoking and Vascular Health

smoking and vascular health affecting brain and memory

Smoking is better understood as a risk factor for poor cardiovascular and brain health than as an immediate cause of ordinary forgetfulness.

Smoking damages blood vessels and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Healthy blood flow is important because the brain requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients.

Over time, vascular damage can contribute to cognitive impairment and increase the risk of vascular dementia and other forms of dementia.

Stopping smoking benefits both cardiovascular and brain health. Our article on smoking and dementia examines this relationship in more detail.

8. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

mild cognitive impairment and increasing memory difficulties

Mild cognitive impairment, or MCI, describes memory or thinking difficulties that are greater than expected for a person’s age but are not severe enough to prevent most normal everyday activities.

Signs may include:

  • Losing things more often
  • Forgetting appointments or important events
  • Having more difficulty finding words
  • Noticing increasing problems with memory or thinking

MCI is not the same as dementia.

Some people with MCI remain stable or even improve, while others eventually develop Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia. There is no single cause of MCI, so medical assessment is important.

9. Sleep Problems

poor sleep as one of several possible memory loss causes

Sleep plays an important role in attention, learning and memory.

A poor night’s sleep can make it difficult to concentrate the following day. Repeated sleep deprivation can make these problems more noticeable.

Sleep disorders may also contribute. For example, obstructive sleep apnea repeatedly interrupts normal breathing during sleep and can affect daytime alertness and cognitive functioning.

The NIA includes sleep problems among possible causes of memory difficulties.

If someone regularly snores heavily, stops breathing during sleep, wakes repeatedly or remains very tired during the day despite spending enough time in bed, they should discuss these symptoms with a healthcare professional.

Read more about the relationship between sleep and dementia.

10. Stroke and Other Brain Conditions

stroke and reduced blood flow to the brain affecting memory

Memory problems can sometimes result from conditions that directly affect the brain.

A stroke occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Depending on which areas are affected, a stroke can cause problems with memory, language, reasoning and other cognitive abilities.

Some small strokes produce relatively subtle symptoms and may only be discovered during medical investigation.

The NIA also notes that blood clots, brain tumors and infections can cause memory problems.

Sudden memory loss or confusion, particularly when accompanied by facial drooping, weakness, speech difficulty, severe headache or problems walking, requires urgent medical attention.

Learn more about stroke and dementia.

11. Underactive Thyroid (Hypothyroidism)

underactive thyroid hypothyroidism and memory problems

An underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism, occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.

Symptoms can include fatigue, feeling cold, weight changes, low mood, slowed thinking and difficulty concentrating. Some people also experience memory problems.

Because these symptoms can sometimes resemble aspects of cognitive decline, thyroid function is one of the medical issues a doctor may investigate when assessing unexplained memory changes.

Hypothyroidism can usually be detected with blood tests and treated when appropriate.

This is another reason not to assume that new memory problems automatically indicate Alzheimer’s disease or dementia.

12. Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease

 

Persistent and progressively worsening memory loss can sometimes be caused by dementia.

Dementia is not one disease. It is a general term describing a decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with everyday life.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. Memory problems are often one of its earliest symptoms, although Alzheimer’s can also affect reasoning, language, judgment and behavior.

Other forms include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia.

Importantly, dementia is not a normal or inevitable part of getting older. Many people remain cognitively healthy well into advanced age.

Normal Forgetfulness or Something More Serious?

Occasional forgetfulness happens to almost everyone.

The National Institute on Aging explains that normal age-related forgetfulness can include occasionally making a poor decision, forgetting which day it is and remembering later, or sometimes losing things.

More serious memory problems interfere with everyday life.

Examples that warrant medical attention can include:

  • Asking the same questions repeatedly
  • Getting lost in familiar places
  • Having difficulty following familiar instructions or recipes
  • Becoming increasingly confused about people, places or time
  • Having difficulty managing normal daily activities
  • Memory problems that are becoming noticeably worse

If you are concerned about your own memory or that of someone close to you, seeking an assessment can help identify the cause.

Why Identifying Memory Loss Causes Matters

There is no single explanation for memory loss.

Some memory loss causes, such as medication effects, nutritional deficiencies, thyroid problems, sleep difficulties or emotional conditions, may be treatable. Others, including Alzheimer’s disease and certain neurological conditions, require different forms of medical care and support.

A healthcare professional may review symptoms, medications and medical history and carry out physical, neurological, cognitive or laboratory tests where appropriate.

Getting an accurate diagnosis is far more useful than assuming that forgetfulness is simply aging or, at the other extreme, assuming that every memory lapse means dementia.

Closing Thoughts on Memory Loss Causes

Memory changes can happen for many reasons.

Stress, medication side effects, alcohol misuse, vitamin deficiencies, head injury, depression, poor sleep and thyroid problems are just some possibilities. Mild cognitive impairment, stroke and dementia can also affect memory.

The important point is that memory loss does not automatically mean dementia.

If memory problems are new, worsening, persistent or beginning to interfere with everyday life, speak with a doctor. Identifying the cause is the first step toward deciding what treatment, support or further investigation may be appropriate.

Related Articles

Dementia: Everything You Need to Know

Alzheimer’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Early Signs of Dementia

Vitamin B12 and Dementia